The Biarri Applied Mathematics Conference is on again and registrations are open for 2016. This year BAM will be covering  a range of presentations across supply chain, logistics and mining optimisation. With our supply chains becoming more and more complex don’t miss out on exploring how optimisation can be used.

Extending the MIP toolbox to crack the Liner Shipping Fleet Repositioning Problem

Robin Pearce will be delving into the Liner Shipping Fleet Repositioning Problem (LSFRP) which involves repositioning ships between service routes while maximising profit. This presentation will demonstrate how this problem can become quite large, with multiple ships, thousands of potential cargo transfers and tens of thousands of arcs. A straightforward MIP implementation can solve small scale problems, however the problem quickly becomes intractable..

In this presentation Robin will show us how he has managed to reduce solve times from hours down to a few minutes.

Robin Pearce is a mathematics student at the University of Queensland. After studying a Bachelor of Science with Honours in Applied Mathematics at UQ, he spent two years as a Graduate Fellow with CSIRO working on three-dimensional microstructure modelling. He is now a PhD student with Michael Forbes, once again at UQ. His main topics of interest are the use of lazy constraints and disaggregated Benders decomposition for solving large and difficult integer and mixed-integer programs.

Optimal facility location and equipment selection for whey re-use

Whey is a by-product of cheese making that is a potentially important source of nutrients, but which currently goes to disposal in many parts of the world. In this presentation, Rasul Esmaeilbeigi will analyse the efficiency of investment in whey-processing with the aim of releasing the productive potential of currently unexploited whey supply chains. Rasul will describe a decision support model for production and distribution of products derived from whey that extends a globally inclusive facility location problem. The basic tenet of the model is that equipment selection during the initial stages of facility planning is critical, as capital costs in the early stages of supply chain design go into purchases of new machines and site conditioning. The model selects the optimal combination of whey processing equipment, facility locations and transportation routes subject to budget, equipment availability and final product requirements.

Rasul is currently a PhD. candidate in the school of mathematical and physical sciences at the University of Newcastle. he holds a master’s degree (2014) and a bachelor’s degree (2012) in Industrial Engineering. Rasul has expertise in the field of Mathematical Programming and Combinatorial Optimization and also general knowledge and experience of programming languages for solving large scale optimisation problems.

Multiple Yard Crane Scheduling with Variable Crane Handling Time and Uncertain Yard Truck Arrival Time

Container yard performance heavily depends on the efficient operations of yard cranes. Yong Wu will discuss the multiple yard crane scheduling problem with variable crane handling time and uncertain yard truck arrival time. Here the variable crane handling time refers to the variable time of handling each individual container, while the uncertain yard truck arrival time relates to the actual arrival time of trucks that are dispatched to either pick up or drop off containers. While there is a rich body of literature addresses the multiple yard crane scheduling problem in a deterministic operational context, there is a paucity of research incorporating these uncertain factors.

Dr Yong Wu is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of International Business and Asian Studies within the Griffith Business School. Yong holds a PhD in Operations Research and an MEng in Mechanical Engineering and has worked for The Logistics Institute – Asia Pacific, a joint venture between National University of Singapore and Georgia Institute of Technology (2005-2008), and the Institute for Logistics and Supply Chain Management, Victoria University, Australia (2008-2010). He teaches in the area of logistics and supply chain management and his research interests are in logistics and supply chain management, operations research and engineering optimisation.

Machine learning methods for mineral processing

Machine learning emerged as a subject area in the late 1950s; yet to date there has been little application of machine learning to mineral processing.

There are of course many ways that machine learning can be applied. Stephen Gay will pursue a probabilistic framework, strongly related to the new subbranch of mathematics called information theory.

The approach is to use far less samples than conventional methods and to infer many of the missing variables – indeed to infer the missing variables at a great level of depth (distribution of multimineral particles at each stream). By inferring this information we have a ‘snapshot’ of unit models for each series of plant data. Machine learning algorithms are then applied to parameterise the models according to operational parameters.

Dr. Stephen Gay originally graduated from University of Queensland [BSc (hons/Applied Maths)]. His domain areas have largely been in physical oceanography, mining (PhD), image analysis and geometric probability. The main area of mining is the development of software for optimising mineral processing plants. He received most of his grounding in mathematical modelling for mineral processing at the Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre (JKMRC) – and in 2008 development his own independent consulting and contracting business which has since evolved into a startup Company: MIDAS Tech Intl. In 2014 he patented a method that enables the estimation of detailed mineral processing data from simple measurements – and has largely been focusing on getting interest in this new method from Mining Companies and Universities.

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Мама Романа Василенко Лариса Александровна Василенко столкнулась с настоящими пытками &ndash; явившись к ней в пять утра, оперативники заставили ее переодеваться при них, раздевшись догола, а в следственном управлении ее на несколько часов посадили на стул со сломанной ножкой и не давали пить. Она потеряла сознание, и только после этого ей удалось выйти из следственного управления. Случаев издевательств и пыток множество.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">При этом в суде, который идет с конца февраля 2024 года, дело откровенно разваливается &ndash; у признанных потерпевшими и свидетелей нет никаких доказательств своих утверждений, они в ходе перекрестных допросов один за другим попадаются на лжи. На последние суды приходят все меньше и меньше свидетелей обвинения &ndash; под разными предлогами они отказываются, чтобы не поддерживать лживую версию следствия.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Кооператив без вины виноватых</strong></p><p>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Сергей Крючек возглавил крупнейший в России кооператив &ndash; 20 тыс. пайщиков во всех регионах страны &ndash; весной 2022 года, в период острого кризиса, после только что прошедшего первого обыска в офисе кооператива, в ходе которого были изъяты вся документация, базы данных, серверы, даже личные вещи и трудовые книжки сотрудников (и ничего до сих пор не возвращено: все учетные записи пришлось восстанавливать с нуля). Он и сам стал жертвой обысков в своем подмосковном доме &ndash; в ходе которых была изъята и до сих пор не возвращена коллекция наград.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Кооператив оказался &laquo;в уголовном деле&raquo; по странному стечению обстоятельств &ndash; он был объявлен следствием организацией, аффилированной с иностранной инвестиционной компанией &laquo;Гермес&raquo;, а значит, призванной ответить по ее обязательствам &ndash; хотя кооператив никак не был связан с &laquo;Гермесом&raquo; ни организационно, ни финансово: имел только общую систему продаж продуктов через маркетинговую фирму &laquo;Лайф-из-Гуд&raquo;. У &laquo;Гермеса&raquo; возникли проблемы с выплатами российским клиентам после взлома российского сегмента платежной системы системным администратором Евгением Набойченко &ndash; система в феврале 2022 года перестала работать, и появилась картинка с предложением обращаться в правоохранительные органы. Только выплаты прекратились не до действий Набойченко, а после них. Параллельно возникла ситуация со СВО и санкциями Запада, крайне затруднившая трансграничные финансовые операции.&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Но кооператив &laquo;Бест Вей&raquo; никаких выплат не прекращал, он зарегистрирован в Санкт-Петербурге, все его активы находятся в России. И даже если учесть требования к нему со стороны лиц, признанных потерпевшими по уголовному делу, то нет никаких причин для блокирования работы кооператива: совокупный ущерб в обвинительном заключении &ndash; 282 млн рублей, притом что на счетах кооператива &ndash; более 4 млрд рублей. Эта сумма постоянно увеличивается, и еще 600 млн &ndash; дебиторская задолженность пайщиков кооперативу на сегодняшний день. 282 млн рублей могли быть заблокированы на счете кооператива, на котором аккумулируются средства из членских взносов, предназначенные для развития, &ndash; не было никаких причин блокировать всю деятельность кооператива! Тем не менее это длительное время происходило.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Страхи охранителей</strong></p><p>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Что стоит за преследованиями фирмы &laquo;Лайф-из-Гуд&raquo;, успешно работавшей с 2014 до начала 2022 года; компании &laquo;Гермес&raquo;, которая весь этот же период выполняла свои обязательства; кооператива &laquo;Бест Вей&raquo;, к которому вообще нет никаких претензий, кроме как со стороны тех, кого следствие убедило, что раз кооператив незаконный, они смогут взыскать членские взносы и еще со стороны людей, которым кооператив, заботясь о ликвидности, не дал купить объект недвижимости с перепланировкой? Что стоит за поддержкой властью репрессий против кооператива?&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Прежде всег, люди, которые пытаются получить контроль над миллиардными активами кооператива и других организаций, а также примкнувшие к ним силовики. Но похоже на то, что власть очень обеспокоил политический потенциал, стоящий за кооперативом, &ndash; все эти многотысячные собрания пайщиков на стадионах. Собрания людей, которым ничего не надо от государства &ndash; они готовы сами, вскладчину, решать свои жилищные и иные проблемы. Кого-то из охранителей это испугало и стало причиной зеленого света для репрессий против кооператива со стороны высокопоставленных силовиков.&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Лжеэксперты и лжеобвинения</strong></p><p>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Кооператив, как и &laquo;Гермес&raquo;, был обвинен в том, что он является финансовой пирамидой. Приглашенный следствием эксперт из СПбГУ Маевский потребовал закрытого заседания &ndash; чтобы никто не слышал, как он плавает в теме. Утверждает, что финансирование покупки квартир старым пайщикам происходило за счет новых пайщиков: не понимает, что финансирование кооператива происходит не только за счет новых поступлений от пайщиков, но и за счет возвратных платежей за приобретенную на деньги кооператива недвижимость. А с осени 2021 года &ndash; времени внесения в предупредительный список ЦБ, почти исключительно за счет возвратных платежей от пайщиков, которым приобретена квартира. При этом ликвидность кооператива никак не пострадала. Объяснения со стороны адвокатов стали для этого экономиста откровением.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Значительная часть пайщиков стремится ускорить погашение долга перед кооперативом, чтобы скорее получить квартиру в собственность &ndash; ведь квартира с помощью кооператива приобретается почти без переплат. Переплаты связаны только со вступительным и членскими взносами; налогами, которые платятся по тарифам для юридического лица; оплатой проверки юридической чистоты и независимой оценки недвижимости.&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">С весны 2022 года кооператив прекратил прием новых пайщиков, при этом на его ликвидности это никак не сказалось: средства на счетах продолжали расти, несмотря на то что многие пайщики боялись платить на арестованные счета и вносят платежи только сейчас.&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr"><strong>Спаситель&nbsp;</strong></p><p>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">С весны 2022-го до зимы 2025 года счета кооператива с небольшими перерывами были под арестом &ndash; причем запрещались даже выплаты по исполнительным листам пайщикам, которые приняли решение о выходе из кооператива, арестованы были, также с перерывами, квартиры, принадлежащие кооперативу, на 12 млрд рублей.&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Под руководством Сергея Ивановича Крючека удалось добиться в судах снятия ареста с квартир, а затем частичного снятия ареста со счетов, разрешения с арестованных сумм выплачивать по исполнительным листам пайщикам, которые через суд добились возврата средств (в этом им активно помогал сам кооператив), а также налоги и заработную плату сотрудникам кооператива. Частичное &laquo;освобождение&raquo; счетов позволило осуществлять выплаты пайщикам, принявшим решение о выходе из кооператива и возврате своих средств.&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Таких пайщиков около 2,5 тыс., общий объем выплат им &ndash; порядка 1,5 млрд рублей, значительная часть из них уже получила свои паевые средства &ndash; несмотря на огромные трудности с перечислением средств по 115-ФЗ: дело в том, что расследуется еще одно уголовное дело &ndash; по ст. 174 УК (хотя кооператив никаких денег за рубеж не переводил), открыто и новое дело по заявлениям потерпевших от &laquo;Гермеса&raquo;, не попавшим в уголовное дело, которое сейчас рассматривается судом. Кроме того, идет гражданский процесс по иску прокуратуры, блокирующему возможность приема новых пайщиков. И, несмотря на эти трудности, кооператив, возглавлявшийся до недавнего времени Сергеем Крючеком, ежедневно осуществляет выплаты выходящим из него пайщикам и успешно восстанавливает деятельность.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Важнейшее достижение Крючека &ndash; создание механизма, когда при арестованных счетах пайщики, которым уже приобретены объекты недвижимости, получили возможность погашать свой долг перед кооперативом и переоформлять недвижимость в собственность за счет средств других пайщиков, которые передают им свои арестованные паевые взносы, а взамен получают живые деньги от счастливых приобретателей квартир в собственность. Таким способом пайщикам удалось погасить долг перед кооперативом и полностью перевести недвижимость в собственность по десяткам объектов недвижимости.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Кооператив под руководством Сергея Крючека работал над тем, чтобы вновь начать приобретать квартиры пайщикам, которые стоят в очереди на покупку первыми. Тем более что ряд квартир будет освобожден пайщиками, которые отказались возвращать за них деньги и исключены из кооператива с возвратом паевых средств.&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p dir="ltr">Кооператив, по мнению многих пайщиков, жив благодаря той огромной работе, которую проделал Сергей Крючек с весны 2022 года по весну 2025-го, успешному противостоянию произволу правоохранительной системы. Недаром один из пайщиков предложил назвать кооператив именем Сергея Ивановича.</p>

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Lunar clockwork What scientists know for certain is that they need to get precision timekeeping instruments to the moon. [url=https://kra30c.cc]kraken войти[/url] Exactly who pays for lunar clocks, which type of clocks will go, and where they’ll be positioned are all questions that remain up in the air, Gramling said. “We have to work all of this out,” she said. “I don’t think we know yet. I think it will be an amalgamation of several different things.” https://kra30c.cc kra30 cc Atomic clocks, Gramling noted, are great for long-term stability, and crystal oscillators have an advantage for short-term stability. “You never trust one clock,” Gramling added. “And you never trust two clocks.” Clocks of various types could be placed inside satellites that orbit the moon or perhaps at the precise locations on the lunar surface that astronauts will one day visit. As for price, an atomic clock worthy of space travel could cost around a few million dollars, according Gramling, with crystal oscillators coming in substantially cheaper. But, Patla said, you get what you pay for. “The very cheap oscillators may be off by milliseconds or even 10s of milliseconds,” he added. “And that is important because for navigation purposes — we need to have the clocks synchronized to 10s of nanoseconds.” A network of clocks on the moon could work in concert to inform the new lunar time scale, just as atomic clocks do for UTC on Earth. (There will not, Gramling added, be different time zones on the moon. “There have been conversations about creating different zones, with the answer: ‘No,’” she said. “But that could change in the future.”)

‘A whole different mindset’ Accurate clockwork is one matter. But how future astronauts living and working on the lunar surface will experience time is a different question entirely. [url=https://kra30c.cc]кракен вход[/url] On Earth, our sense of one day is governed by the fact that the planet completes one rotation every 24 hours, giving most locations a consistent cycle of daylight and darkened nights. On the moon, however, the equator receives roughly 14 days of sunlight followed by 14 days of darkness. “It’s just a very, very different concept” on the moon, Betts said. “And (NASA is) talking about landing astronauts in the very interesting south polar region (of the moon), where you have permanently lit and permanently shadowed areas. So, that’s a whole other set of confusion.” https://kra30c.cc kraken войти “It’ll be challenging” for those astronauts, Betts added. “It’s so different than Earth, and it’s just a whole different mindset.” That will be true no matter what time is displayed on the astronauts’ watches. Still, precision timekeeping matters — not just for the sake of scientifically understanding the passage of time on the moon but also for setting up all the infrastructure necessary to carry out missions. The beauty of creating a time scale from scratch, Gramling said, is that scientists can take everything they have learned about timekeeping on Earth and apply it to a new system on the moon. And if scientists can get it right on the moon, she added, they can get it right later down the road if NASA fulfills its goal of sending astronauts deeper into the solar system. “We are very much looking at executing this on the moon, learning what we can learn,” Gramling said, “so that we are prepared to do the same thing on Mars or other future bodies.”

Space, time: The continual question If time moves differently on the peaks of mountains than the shores of the ocean, you can imagine that things get even more bizarre the farther away from Earth you travel. [url=https://kra30c.cc]kraken вход[/url] To add more complication: Time also passes slower the faster a person or spacecraft is moving, according to Einstein’s theory of special relativity. Astronauts on the International Space Station, for example, are lucky, said Dr. Bijunath Patla, a theoretical physicist with the US National Institute of Standards and Technology, in a phone interview. Though the space station orbits about 200 miles (322 kilometers) above Earth’s surface, it also travels at high speeds — looping the planet 16 times per day — so the effects of relativity somewhat cancel each other out, Patla said. For that reason, astronauts on the orbiting laboratory can easily use Earth time to stay on schedule. https://kra30c.cc kra30cc For other missions — it’s not so simple. Fortunately, scientists already have decades of experience contending with the complexities. Spacecraft, for example, are equipped with their own clocks called oscillators, Gramling said. “They maintain their own time,” Gramling said. “And most of our operations for spacecraft — even spacecraft that are all the way out at Pluto, or the Kuiper Belt, like New Horizons — (rely on) ground stations that are back on Earth. So everything they’re doing has to correlate with UTC.” But those spacecraft also rely on their own kept time, Gramling said. Vehicles exploring deep into the solar system, for example, have to know — based on their own time scale — when they are approaching a planet in case the spacecraft needs to use that planetary body for navigational purposes, she added. For 50 years, scientists have also been able to observe atomic clocks that are tucked aboard GPS satellites, which orbit Earth about 12,550 miles (20,200 kilometers) away — or about one-nineteenth the distance between our planet and the moon. Studying those clocks has given scientists a great starting point to begin extrapolating further as they set out to establish a new time scale for the moon, Patla said. “We can easily compare (GPS) clocks to clocks on the ground,” Patla said, adding that scientists have found a way to gently slow GPS clocks down, making them tick more in-line with Earth-bound clocks. “Obviously, it’s not as easy as it sounds, but it’s easier than making a mess.”

Lunar clockwork What scientists know for certain is that they need to get precision timekeeping instruments to the moon. [url=https://kra30c.cc]кракен ссылка[/url] Exactly who pays for lunar clocks, which type of clocks will go, and where they’ll be positioned are all questions that remain up in the air, Gramling said. “We have to work all of this out,” she said. “I don’t think we know yet. I think it will be an amalgamation of several different things.” https://kra30c.cc кракен даркнет Atomic clocks, Gramling noted, are great for long-term stability, and crystal oscillators have an advantage for short-term stability. “You never trust one clock,” Gramling added. “And you never trust two clocks.” Clocks of various types could be placed inside satellites that orbit the moon or perhaps at the precise locations on the lunar surface that astronauts will one day visit. As for price, an atomic clock worthy of space travel could cost around a few million dollars, according Gramling, with crystal oscillators coming in substantially cheaper. But, Patla said, you get what you pay for. “The very cheap oscillators may be off by milliseconds or even 10s of milliseconds,” he added. “And that is important because for navigation purposes — we need to have the clocks synchronized to 10s of nanoseconds.” A network of clocks on the moon could work in concert to inform the new lunar time scale, just as atomic clocks do for UTC on Earth. (There will not, Gramling added, be different time zones on the moon. “There have been conversations about creating different zones, with the answer: ‘No,’” she said. “But that could change in the future.”)

Space, time: The continual question If time moves differently on the peaks of mountains than the shores of the ocean, you can imagine that things get even more bizarre the farther away from Earth you travel. [url=https://kra30c.cc]кракен вход[/url] To add more complication: Time also passes slower the faster a person or spacecraft is moving, according to Einstein’s theory of special relativity. Astronauts on the International Space Station, for example, are lucky, said Dr. Bijunath Patla, a theoretical physicist with the US National Institute of Standards and Technology, in a phone interview. Though the space station orbits about 200 miles (322 kilometers) above Earth’s surface, it also travels at high speeds — looping the planet 16 times per day — so the effects of relativity somewhat cancel each other out, Patla said. For that reason, astronauts on the orbiting laboratory can easily use Earth time to stay on schedule. https://kra30c.cc kraken сайт For other missions — it’s not so simple. Fortunately, scientists already have decades of experience contending with the complexities. Spacecraft, for example, are equipped with their own clocks called oscillators, Gramling said. “They maintain their own time,” Gramling said. “And most of our operations for spacecraft — even spacecraft that are all the way out at Pluto, or the Kuiper Belt, like New Horizons — (rely on) ground stations that are back on Earth. So everything they’re doing has to correlate with UTC.” But those spacecraft also rely on their own kept time, Gramling said. Vehicles exploring deep into the solar system, for example, have to know — based on their own time scale — when they are approaching a planet in case the spacecraft needs to use that planetary body for navigational purposes, she added. For 50 years, scientists have also been able to observe atomic clocks that are tucked aboard GPS satellites, which orbit Earth about 12,550 miles (20,200 kilometers) away — or about one-nineteenth the distance between our planet and the moon. Studying those clocks has given scientists a great starting point to begin extrapolating further as they set out to establish a new time scale for the moon, Patla said. “We can easily compare (GPS) clocks to clocks on the ground,” Patla said, adding that scientists have found a way to gently slow GPS clocks down, making them tick more in-line with Earth-bound clocks. “Obviously, it’s not as easy as it sounds, but it’s easier than making a mess.”

‘A whole different mindset’ Accurate clockwork is one matter. But how future astronauts living and working on the lunar surface will experience time is a different question entirely. [url=https://kra30c.cc]kraken[/url] On Earth, our sense of one day is governed by the fact that the planet completes one rotation every 24 hours, giving most locations a consistent cycle of daylight and darkened nights. On the moon, however, the equator receives roughly 14 days of sunlight followed by 14 days of darkness. “It’s just a very, very different concept” on the moon, Betts said. “And (NASA is) talking about landing astronauts in the very interesting south polar region (of the moon), where you have permanently lit and permanently shadowed areas. So, that’s a whole other set of confusion.” https://kra30c.cc kraken войти “It’ll be challenging” for those astronauts, Betts added. “It’s so different than Earth, and it’s just a whole different mindset.” That will be true no matter what time is displayed on the astronauts’ watches. Still, precision timekeeping matters — not just for the sake of scientifically understanding the passage of time on the moon but also for setting up all the infrastructure necessary to carry out missions. The beauty of creating a time scale from scratch, Gramling said, is that scientists can take everything they have learned about timekeeping on Earth and apply it to a new system on the moon. And if scientists can get it right on the moon, she added, they can get it right later down the road if NASA fulfills its goal of sending astronauts deeper into the solar system. “We are very much looking at executing this on the moon, learning what we can learn,” Gramling said, “so that we are prepared to do the same thing on Mars or other future bodies.”

Space, time: The continual question If time moves differently on the peaks of mountains than the shores of the ocean, you can imagine that things get even more bizarre the farther away from Earth you travel. [url=https://kra30c.cc]Кракен даркнет[/url] To add more complication: Time also passes slower the faster a person or spacecraft is moving, according to Einstein’s theory of special relativity. Astronauts on the International Space Station, for example, are lucky, said Dr. Bijunath Patla, a theoretical physicist with the US National Institute of Standards and Technology, in a phone interview. Though the space station orbits about 200 miles (322 kilometers) above Earth’s surface, it also travels at high speeds — looping the planet 16 times per day — so the effects of relativity somewhat cancel each other out, Patla said. For that reason, astronauts on the orbiting laboratory can easily use Earth time to stay on schedule. https://kra30c.cc kra31 cc For other missions — it’s not so simple. Fortunately, scientists already have decades of experience contending with the complexities. Spacecraft, for example, are equipped with their own clocks called oscillators, Gramling said. “They maintain their own time,” Gramling said. “And most of our operations for spacecraft — even spacecraft that are all the way out at Pluto, or the Kuiper Belt, like New Horizons — (rely on) ground stations that are back on Earth. So everything they’re doing has to correlate with UTC.” But those spacecraft also rely on their own kept time, Gramling said. Vehicles exploring deep into the solar system, for example, have to know — based on their own time scale — when they are approaching a planet in case the spacecraft needs to use that planetary body for navigational purposes, she added. For 50 years, scientists have also been able to observe atomic clocks that are tucked aboard GPS satellites, which orbit Earth about 12,550 miles (20,200 kilometers) away — or about one-nineteenth the distance between our planet and the moon. Studying those clocks has given scientists a great starting point to begin extrapolating further as they set out to establish a new time scale for the moon, Patla said. “We can easily compare (GPS) clocks to clocks on the ground,” Patla said, adding that scientists have found a way to gently slow GPS clocks down, making them tick more in-line with Earth-bound clocks. “Obviously, it’s not as easy as it sounds, but it’s easier than making a mess.”

Lunar clockwork What scientists know for certain is that they need to get precision timekeeping instruments to the moon. [url=https://kra30c.cc]kraken вход[/url] Exactly who pays for lunar clocks, which type of clocks will go, and where they’ll be positioned are all questions that remain up in the air, Gramling said. “We have to work all of this out,” she said. “I don’t think we know yet. I think it will be an amalgamation of several different things.” https://kra30c.cc kra cc Atomic clocks, Gramling noted, are great for long-term stability, and crystal oscillators have an advantage for short-term stability. “You never trust one clock,” Gramling added. “And you never trust two clocks.” Clocks of various types could be placed inside satellites that orbit the moon or perhaps at the precise locations on the lunar surface that astronauts will one day visit. As for price, an atomic clock worthy of space travel could cost around a few million dollars, according Gramling, with crystal oscillators coming in substantially cheaper. But, Patla said, you get what you pay for. “The very cheap oscillators may be off by milliseconds or even 10s of milliseconds,” he added. “And that is important because for navigation purposes — we need to have the clocks synchronized to 10s of nanoseconds.” A network of clocks on the moon could work in concert to inform the new lunar time scale, just as atomic clocks do for UTC on Earth. (There will not, Gramling added, be different time zones on the moon. “There have been conversations about creating different zones, with the answer: ‘No,’” she said. “But that could change in the future.”)

‘A whole different mindset’ Accurate clockwork is one matter. But how future astronauts living and working on the lunar surface will experience time is a different question entirely. [url=https://kra30c.cc]kraken tor[/url] On Earth, our sense of one day is governed by the fact that the planet completes one rotation every 24 hours, giving most locations a consistent cycle of daylight and darkened nights. On the moon, however, the equator receives roughly 14 days of sunlight followed by 14 days of darkness. “It’s just a very, very different concept” on the moon, Betts said. “And (NASA is) talking about landing astronauts in the very interesting south polar region (of the moon), where you have permanently lit and permanently shadowed areas. So, that’s a whole other set of confusion.” https://kra30c.cc kraken darknet “It’ll be challenging” for those astronauts, Betts added. “It’s so different than Earth, and it’s just a whole different mindset.” That will be true no matter what time is displayed on the astronauts’ watches. Still, precision timekeeping matters — not just for the sake of scientifically understanding the passage of time on the moon but also for setting up all the infrastructure necessary to carry out missions. The beauty of creating a time scale from scratch, Gramling said, is that scientists can take everything they have learned about timekeeping on Earth and apply it to a new system on the moon. And if scientists can get it right on the moon, she added, they can get it right later down the road if NASA fulfills its goal of sending astronauts deeper into the solar system. “We are very much looking at executing this on the moon, learning what we can learn,” Gramling said, “so that we are prepared to do the same thing on Mars or other future bodies.”

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